Clinical Assessment free essay sample

Clinical Assessment Mr. furthermore, Mrs. Lawson brought their 4-year-old embraced girl, Clara, to see Dr. Bricklayer, a specialist. Clara was considerate in welcome Dr. Bricklayer, however didn't grin and held her look down as she sat down. Mr. what's more, Mrs. Lawson sat close to Clara and started clarifying their interests. They depicted Clara as a calm youngster who has as of late started pitching temper fits, during which she is sad. Her rest and eating designs have changed, and she no longer needs to go to preschool. †¢Create a concise reaction to every one of the accompanying inquiries: What other data might you want to pick up during the meeting with the family? What inquiries would you pose? I would ask Clara’s instructor has referenced if there has been a recognizable change with her in school, and if there have been reports of some other kids irritating her. I would likewise inquire as to whether there is any likelihood that there are unseemly activities occur ring including Clara’s instructor. We will compose a custom article test on Clinical Assessment or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page What are the adjustments in her dozing design? Is it true that she is dozing pretty much? Is there something explicit Clara is pitching temper fits over? Potential triggers? I would ask about Clara’s age at appropriation. I would need to know whether she was raised at all by her natural guardians or some other relatives. I would ask about Clara’s information on her assenting status. I would likewise inquire as to whether the family ancestry of her natural guardians is known. oIn expansion to the clinical meeting, what other clinical evaluation apparatuses would it be advisable for you to consider? Why? The meetings with Clara would likewise include the utilization of clinical appraisal instruments that may give knowledge to the adjustments in her conduct. Instruments that would be improper for her age and discernment level are projective trying, individual and reaction inventories. Because of the ongoing beginning of changes, neurological, neuropsychological and would likewise not be helpful for her assessment. Knowledge testing may give understanding into her preschool learning experience. Clinical perception ought to be utilized as the most obviously favorable appraisal strategy. oAlthough you need more data to start treatment, what variables may you mull over in structuring a powerful intercession for this family? Elements that should be thought about in planning a powerful intercession for this family would be Clara’s age, what she is pitching temper fits over, how frequently they are all together, if Clara is ever alone with somebody dubious. oIf you were getting ready to analyze Clara, you would allude to the DSM-IV arrangement framework to assess her condition on five separate tomahawks. What kind of data would go into every hub? You are not approached to enter a finding, just portray the sort of data that would be entered in every hub. oDo you believe that diagnosing Clara would be helpful or unsafe? Clarify why.

Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders IEP

Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders IEP Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders: a plan and assessments of the proper individualized training objectives and the issues encompassing the turmoil IEP represent individualized instruction program. Individualized training program comprises of an announcement depicting instruction program for understudies with handicaps. This program gets named individualized in light of the fact that it manages impaired understudies individually.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders IEP explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individual explanation depicting every understudy instruction program exists. The fundamental reason for individualized instruction program is to guarantee that requirements of understudies with incapacities get tended to (Barrera et al., 2003). IEP gives every understudy instruction plan intended to meet the student’s unique needs. Orthopedic impedance can be characterized as an extreme hindrance that influences the child’s instructive exhibition. A portion of these hindrances results from illnesses, for example, poliomyelitis or bone tuberculosis. A kid with appendage insufficiency requires particular instruction program since the person in question does not have a few pieces of the body. This orthopedic issue may result to an understudy with at least one appendages failing or missing. For a situation where the kid has just a single appendage breaking down or missing, it gets simple to deal with their case. For instance, if just one arm is failing the youngster can be prepared to depend on the other arm. Some of individualized training program objectives for such understudies incorporate; guaranteeing that the kid accomplishes the best in instruction (Barrera et al., 2003). This is made conceivable by their instructors who change the learning condition to suit the requirements of the youngster with appendage lacks. Another objective is to guarantee that the kid gets and holds an uplifting demeanor throughout everyday life. This helps bend circumstances where kids lose trust or create negative perspectives towards their conditions. They feel undesirable since they don't resemble the rest and now and again they need inspiration or the inclination to live more. Appendage insufficiency includes any number of skeletal issues, which may result to a youngster missing at least one appendages. The turmoil may result from sickness whereby a youngster gets influenced by illnesses, for example, poliomyelitis or bone tuberculosis. These intricacies result to failing of appendages subsequently making it hard for the youngster to play or make move around normally.Advertising Looking for article on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More now and again, youngsters get conceived without certain appendages henceforth making it inconceivable for them to be free. This occurs before birth. Along these lines, such kids need to take care of schools where specialized curriculum instructors handle them in like manner (Adams et al., 2002). Then again, a few youngsters may have a few appendages completely working with others failing or missing. For instance, there might be where the youngster has the two arms typical and dynamic and the two legs deadened. Appendage lacks can occur in any request, and each case should be examined and maneuvered carefully so as to give the influenced youngster their right. These rights incorporate right to legitimate instruction and the privilege to life. Loss of appendages or failing is a resultant of a few issues; along these lines, it has not many related issues. Be that as it may, the best issue can be an expansion in stationary way of life related confusions. This happens in light of the fact that development stays restricted subsequently decreasing exercises for the influenced individual. It is sound for the human body to be dynamic since, it helps consume fats that may cause cholesterol related ailments, for example, respiratory failure. On the off chance that the inadequacy is because of removal, remaining appendage torments might be experienced by the youngster subsequently causing injury and uneasiness (Adams et al., 2002). The other difficulty related with this issue is skin infections coming about because of the utilization of prosthesis. At whatever point these intricacies show up the youngster get encouraged to see a clinical specialist for treatment. This remaining parts supported on the grounds that any strange improvement in the human body can be lethal. Hence, appropriate drug should be controlled by a certified clinical expert. Money related help is basic in training framework where individual needs of youngsters must be tended to. Without sufficient financing, instruction offices will most likely be unable to utilize all necessary authority to deal with uncommon understudies. Schools with incapacitated und erstudies need exceptional showing gear, and other situating hardware to be utilized by understudies. For instance, in a school with understudies with appendage insufficiencies, hardware, for example, wheel seats must be bought to upgrade development of understudies. This is a costly exercise since certain understudies may require manual wheel seats as per capacity of their arms (Gorman-Smith et al., 2000).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders IEP explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More If their arms are powerless to push the manual wheel seat, electrical wheelchairs get utilized. Accordingly, monetary help is indispensable in these instruction frameworks to ensure that necessities of handicapped understudies get tended to in the most fitting way conceivable. Truth be told, all hardware vital for accomplishment of IEP objectives must be accessible for the educator to push understudies to their best. A significant number of appendage inadequacies conditions can't be dealt with. Be that as it may, a portion of the related conditions can be treated with choices, for example, medical procedure whereby specialists can complete procedure on the patient to address deformations and limit insufficiencies. For instance, they can improve developments of arms thus empowering the youngster to deal with some minor undertakings. In instances of appendage length errors activity, for example, shoe raises can be taken to upgrade smooth developments. This happens when one appendage is shorter than the other. A raised shoe is intended for the person in question, and this encourages that person walk effectively thus lessening lack. Restoration happens in situations where patients experience a particular treatment. For instance, if a patient has fixators attached in their cracked bones restoration is vital on the grounds that nearby consideration is indispensable. During recovery, a patient follows a calendar of exercises including physical and word related treatment. All these remain planned for helping the influenced appendages recover ordinary tasks. The patients remain checked intently by their guardians to guarantee that they don't get diseases on their appendages. Patients additionally interface with therapists during restoration. They get directed on the most proficient method to acknowledge their status. Government authorities need to think of enactment controlling how instruction ought to be directed to youngsters with handicaps. A benevolent training condition is vital to deal with requirements of understudies with incapacities (Achenbach and Rescoria, 2001). There ought to be an educational program made to suit their necessities regarding sports and all angles comprehensive. This will guarantee that understudies with interesting needs get acknowledged and appreciate being in school simply like the other children.Advertising Searching for paper on wellbeing medication? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The educator must ensure the person in question comprehends the clutters particularly unmistakably. When managing understudies with spinal issues, the educator must ensure the kid is in the correct condition al, the time (Gorman-Smith et al., 2000). They ought to likewise guarantee that they speak with the kid on the off chance that they need any assistance, for example, heading off to the can. Educators have obligations of helping kids at whatever point they need to move around, and telling them the best way to work a portion of the supporting hardware, for example, electrical wheel seats. They ought to likewise ensure that they learn however much as could reasonably be expected by surveying them face to face and exclusively to note on their feeble focuses. References Achenbach, T.M., Rescorla, L.A. (2001). Manual for ASEBA school-matured structures andâ profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families. Adams, C.D., Streisand, R.M., Zawacki, T., Joseph, K.A. (2002). Living with a Chronic disease: A proportion of social working for youngsters and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(7), 593-605. Barrera, M., Wayland, L., D’Agostino, N., Gibson, J., Weksberg, R., Malkin, D.â (2003). Formative contrasts in mental modification and wellbeing related personal satisfaction in pediatric malignant growth patients. Children’s Health Care, 32(3), 215-232. Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P.H., Henry, D.B., Florsheim, P. (2000). Examples of family Functioning and immature results among urban African American and Mexican American families. Diary of Family Psychology, 14(3), 436-457.

Best Ideas for College 5 Paragraph Essay Topics

Best Ideas for College 5 Paragraph Essay Topics When you apply to colleges you have chosen, you are required to write an essay along with the application. In this work you have to write about yourself to convince the admission committee that you deserve to start studying in the particular college. This may be quite difficult to create this paper, thats why we write this article where you will find many useful tips and ideas about choosing good topics for writing a 5 paragraph essay. We tried to gather and structure all the needed information, so you would understand things better. Just keep reading our guide and good luck with your writing! What is a five paragraph essay? This type of essay structure is a standard for college essay writing. This format is also widely used in many college classes. Lets consider the benefits of this format. In general, this is an effective way to polish and develop your composition skills. Probably, for some people, it seems difficult to create this type of essay, but after reading our guide you will get all the needed 5 paragraph essay ideas to create a successful college essay! Key elements of an excellent college essay Lets draw a structure of a 5 paragraph paper. It consists of next parts: Introduction. Here the writer describes the main idea of paper and gives to readers a short background about the entire work. This is the most important element of your essay because nobody would read a paper with a weak introduction. Here you should also put a thesis statement â€" this is the sentence that shows the main idea of your paper. Actually, there are many ways how to start this paragraph, and here are the most popular: choose good topics for a 5 paragraph essay to impress your readers with a bright subject; start your work with a quote to turn your readers attention; bring an interesting question and give an answer in the essay; write an anecdote or some exciting story at the very beginning, it will help to make your work non-ordinary; put a name of a well-known person at the very beginning (people like to read things connected to celebrities, politics, etc.) Body part, paragraph 1. Body part, paragraph 2. Body part, paragraph 3. This is the main part of your work that consists of three paragraphs. Here you can put all the needed information to support the main idea of your paper. Keep in your mind that each of three paragraphs should contain the one argument or point to support a thesis statement. Conclusion. This is the fifth paragraph of your essay where you have to end up your work shortly and logically. Why its important to choose right topics for five paragraph essay? Selecting a topic is a quite important step in your work because all success of your essay depends on this question. If you choose an interesting subject for your paper, then you will definitely have a higher chance to be accepted at the college. Before creating your paper, you should discover interesting topics for a 5 paragraph essay, and select a good subject to highlight. Remember that a half of your success depends on a chosen subject, thats why you should take your time and make a good research to find a bright and interesting topic. Keep reading our guide, and find fresh ideas for your papers topic to impress the admission committee! Best five paragraph essay topics for college We want to share some ideas for your future works subject, and hope you will find a good topic to write about! Tell your story. In this essay, you may tell about your hobbies, character or experience. Try to be honest and provide the admission committee with something interesting! Overcoming challenges. You definitely had something happened in your life that changed you to the best. Tell about your experience and what you have learned from the particular situation. Solving a situation. Present in your essay a situation when you had to find a decision to an important problem. Make people involved in the process, tell how you were insecure and what pushed you to make a final decision. Personal growth. Write here about some experience that made you better. Describe the event in details and provide the readers with arguments that prove your personal growth. Explain the importance of what happened. Write about your passion. This essay requires writing about the thing you are involved in. For example, it could be your favorite music, a book that inspired you, or just something you love to do the most. In this work, its very important to emphasize your individuality and personal qualities. If you still need more concrete ideas, you can search and read a five paragraph essay topics list to create a strong paper. How to write your own topic? Of course, you can make your own topic to write about. We suggest making this step only if you already have an experience in writing essays. Feel free to brainstorm all ideas that come to your head, and choose the brightest one! Anyway, try to put your attention on next things: Dig deeply into your topic asking yourself why and how. Demonstrate your own individuality to the admission committee. Read examples of 5 paragraph essay topics for college, this will help to get your own idea of writing. More useful tips in writing your college essay Here we want to give you some useful ideas about creating your paper: Make a work about something that is very important and interesting for you. If you feel stuck with own ideas, find good topics to write a 5 paragraph essay on the Internet. Describe yourself and your own character through your paper. Bringing too many funny moments is a bad idea. Take your time and plan everything beforehand. Try not to write repetitive information. Make sure you revised your work and corrected all errors. After we have shared all the needed tips for writing your paper and gave you the most interesting topic ideas for a 5 paragraph essay, we hope that you will create a successful and interesting work! We wish you good luck, and hope you will be approved by the college of your dream!

Hoover Last Name Meaning and Origin

The Hoover surname is an Anglicized form of the German and Dutch name Huber, meaning a large measure of land or a man who owns a hube (a 30-60 acre parcel of land), from the Middle High German huober and Middle Dutch huve. Hoover was typically a  status name for a prosperous landowner or farmer whose land holdings were appreciably larger than that of the average peasant. However, it is also possible the name was used by individuals who only worked on a large property in return for a wage. Surname origin:  Dutch Alternate surname spellings:  Hover, Huber, Hober, Houver, Houwer, Hubar, Hubauer, Hubber, Hueber, Hufer, Huver, Obar, Ober, Uber, Aubert Where Is This Surname Found? According to  WorldNames public profiler, the Hoover surname is found in the greatest numbers in the United States, with the largest population percentage coming from Pennsylvania, Indiana, West Virginia, Kansas, and Ohio. It is next most commonly found in Canada. Very few individuals named Hoover live in countries outside of North America, although there are scattered individuals with that surname found in New Zealand and a number of European countries. Famous People With the Surname Hoover Herbert Hoover: 31st president of the United StatesErna Schneider Hoover: Inventor of  the computerized telephone switching systemJ. Edgar Hoover: First Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States ​Genealogy Resources The Hoover Family Genetic Genealogy Research Project: The Hoover Family Project at Family Tree DNA welcomes all Hoover and Huber descendants who are interested in working together to discover their heritage through sharing of information and DNA testing.The Huber-Hoover Family History: This 1928 book by Harry M. Hoover traces the descendants of  Hans Huber from the time of his arrival in Pennsylvania down to the eleventh generation. View the book for free on FamilySearch.Hoover Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Hoover surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Hoover surname query.FamilySearch - Hoover Genealogy: Explore over 760,000 results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the Hoover surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.DistantCousin.com - Hoover Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Hoover.The Hoover Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Hoover surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Sources: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York:  Oxford University Press, 2003. MacLysaght, Edward.  Surnames of Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1989. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Will lowering the drinking age solve the problem of binge...

Alcohol; it’s something Americans enjoy, whether it is at a party, before meals, during the football game, with our buddies, so on and so forth. Alcohol has been a part of human civilization for hundreds of thousands of years and is linked but not limited to, pleasure, and sociability in many people’s minds. Up until 1984 the legal age for people to drink was eighteen, that age was then raised up to twenty-one in order to reduce the death rate of many teenagers who were dying because of alcohol related problems. Today, many people believe that lowering the drinking age back down to eighteen would reduce and or solve the problem of binge drinking among college students. A simple answer can be conjured up, no. What many people don’t realize†¦show more content†¦Studies have shown that the developing adolescent frontal cortex is much more sensitive to damage than the adult frontal cortex, even with the same amount of alcohol† (Binge Drinking in Adole scence Can Hinder Adjustment to Adulthood). Crew’s explained that: â€Å"brain scans performed on rats showed that adolescent binge drinking in rats led to a smaller forebrain volume and size. The animals also showed significantly less behavioral flexibility compared to those that weren’t exposed to alcohol† (Dangers of College Binge Drinking)The study also found â€Å"reductions in the activity of neurotransmitter genes 24 hours after binge-drinking in adolescent animals. As adults, the animals showed even greater reductions, averaging 73 percent† (Dangers of College Binge Drinking). Dr. Crews said that their findings suggest that people who drink heavily during adolescence could be more likely to have â€Å"difficulty adapting successfully to changing life situations as adults, possibly because of changes to the frontal cortex, the part of the brain that is associated with predicting consequences, impulse control, reasoning, and long- and short-term r ewards† (Dangers of College Binge Drinking). When a person is 21 or older their body and brain are completelyShow MoreRelatedTo Lower or Not to Lower the Legal Drinking Age to 18, That Is the Question881 Words   |  4 Pagesattend college with the hope of expanding their career opportunities, but are these young adults doing more than studying and homework? A new study suggests that binge drinking is on the rise among college students (Eisenberg n.p.). With an increase of alcohol consumption by underage drinkers, it only seems logical to lower the drinking age to prevent binge drinking, however there are far more consequences to be seen. Lowering the drinking age to 18 will not solve the binge drinking problem amongRead MoreCollege Binge Drinking As A Right Of Passage1447 Words   |  6 Pagesstepping stone is college, however, students are not only learning from the classes they attend, but also from the parties. Consequently, they are being introduced to alcohol and plen ty of it; learning how to shotgun a beer or attempt a keg stand is all the rage. Suddenly, people are viewing college binge drinking as a right of passage for even their youngest students. Thus, demands the questioning of lowering the drinking age to counteract college binge drinking. â€Å"The reality is that at age 18 in thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College913 Words   |  4 Pagesadult years .† Whenever I heard this statement, I thought of teens binge drinking in college. College drinking has become a major issue for people under the age of twenty- one. Binge drinking becomes addicting, especially for people under the age of twenty-one. Understanding the problem and consequences of binge drinking will help to show that lowering the drinking age will not help the problem. Binge drinking in college is when students consume an excessive amount of alcohol in a short period of timeRead MoreCausal Argument Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesArgument: Will Lowering the Drinking Age Solve the Problem of Binge Drinking among College Students? Research has supported the observation that young people in America consume alcohol regularly; this prevalence of use increases rapidly during adolescence, as well as a few years afterward (Wagenaar and Wolfson 37). This has come to be a problem among college students. It has been shown through extensive quantitative and qualitative research that those under twenty-one years of age are able to obtainRead MoreHow Bingeing Became the New College Sport 1089 Words   |  5 PagesDrinking on college campuses has become a huge problem. For example, in the 10th century only old people used to drink, but now students drink more than their parents. Students see their parents drinking, so they may think that drinking has no effect on health that anyone can drink so why can’t the students drink? Therefore, college students have been drinking alcohol since the 14th century. Barrett Seaman’s article â€Å"How Bingeing Became the New College Sport,† appearing in TIME magazi ne on AugustRead MoreDrinking at 18 Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesDrinking at 18 If you look around at college parties it seems as if everyone is drinking. Actually you are probably right, but over half of those people drinking are also under the legal drinking age. Drinking is one of the main forms of entertainment for the typical college student. The only problem with drinking being the main form of entertainment is that half of the students in college or 20 years or younger. This seems to be a problem all over theRead MoreMaking The Law Fair While Saving Lives1740 Words   |  7 Pagesyouth under the age of 21 in the United States is in the form of binge drinking (McCardell). Lowering the drinking age is a big topic among younger adults and concerned college parents. Being 18 people serve in the military and they are known as adults. People 18-20 have to hide when they are drinking which makes them thrive to drink and party more but it s dangerous. This is called binge drinking which is landing them in the hospital. Also, there are a lot of underage drinking that is going onRead MoreBinge Drinking On College Campuses1459 Words   |  6 Pages Binge Drinking On College Campuses Over the past few years, there has been this big debate about whether the drinking age should be lowered to 18 or if it should stay at 21. Those in favor of lowering the drinking age to 18 argue that someone who is old enough to serve their country should be allowed to have a drink. Those who are in favor of keeping the minimum legal drinking age at 21 because of consequences regarding psychological development and health problems later in lifeRead MoreDrinking Age1395 Words   |  6 Pagesis good or bad, helpful or hurtful. Some debates are simple with no major side effects such as would drinking gatorade or water better maximize the performance of athletes. Other debates involving drinking are not as simple, these debates involve alcohol drinking age. Both arguments can have different viewpoints, the difference is the significance in the argument. What should the legal drinking age in the United States be? Consuming alcohol has been done for many years. Unlike a typical beverageRead MoreThe Impending Conclusion Of The Legal Drinking Age, Whether1953 Words   |  8 Pages The impending conclusion of the legal drinking age, whether it be lowered to 18-years of age or remain at 21-years of age, has been fiercely debated across the United States. â€Å"Since 1984, the National minimum legal drinking age in the United States has been 21 years, and during the intervening 25 years there have been periodic efforts to lower the minimum drinking age†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wechsler and Nelson, para. 4). As some underage teenagers still remaining in High School and young adults who are currently attending

Assessment is the most powerful tool for learning Free Essays

string(131) " excessively much on one or the other, so it could be said that the world of pupil accomplishment in the schoolroom is inaccurate\." Appraisal in assorted signifiers has been in usage for a long clip, Wainer A ; Braun 1988 study that insistent appraisal was in usage within China from about 2200 B.C. These trials were organised harmonizing to the rule that a little set of personal accomplishments measurings could bespeak how a individual was traveling to execute. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment is the most powerful tool for learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, within instruction, there is limited grounds for execution of dependable and valid appraisals of pupil public presentation before the morning of the twentieth century. Dochy, F. , A ; McDowell, L. ( 1997 ) , Newton, P. ( 2010 ) , Black, P, Harrison, C, Lee, C, Marshall, B A ; Wiliam, D ( 2003 ) all agree that instruction is recognised across the universe as possibly the most critical public service of all, and that within instruction, appraisal is indispensable to let all pupils to be given the educational support they require, and to let the pedagogue to find the effectivity of different educational methods within the pupils larning procedure. Summational and formative appraisals can be identified as the cardinal methods by which instructors and other educational professionals gather grounds of pupil acquisition. This does non connote that there should be a pick between appraisal for larning ( formative appraisal ) and appraisal of acquisition ( summational appraisal ) , as both have instruction maps that support pupil accomplishment. Assessment for larning explores the possibility for accomplishment for acquisition by the pupil, and indicates the following measure to be taken in order to advance larning through the kineticss of instruction and acquisition, whereas, appraisal of acquisition shows what has been already achieved, memorised, absorbed and displays merely a limited snapshot of the current scholastic state of affairs. With the usage of appraisal for acquisition, learning professionals are able to supply penetrations into advancement that a pupil has achieved, and how the school and its staff have contributed to this development. Wiliam, D. and Leahy, S. ( 2007 ) indicates that the compelling issue is guaranting that the chosen type of appraisal best suits the educational acquisition end and intent of the pupil. If the educational intent is to better acquisition, so of course, appraisal for larning would be best suited. However, if the educational intent is to describe on a current state of affairs and to compare students against pre-determined criterions or other pupils, so appraisal of acquisition should be used. Although some tools used for both signifiers of appraisal may be the same, for illustration verbal inquiring, the cardinal issues emerging from the feedback provided by educational professionals Black, P, Harrison, C, Lee, C, Marshall, B A ; Wiliam, D 2003 indicates that it is imperative to maintain focused on the fact that appraisal for larning purposes at bettering acquisition, whereas appraisal of larning purposes at mensurating public presentation of the pupils. Summational appraisal besides e nsures answerability of educational constitutions and the professionals working within those constitutions. Professionals and cons Black, P. , et Al, ( 2003 ) tells us that although appraisal today can be placed within these two countries of formative and summational appraisal, their definitions may hold become confused in the past few old ages, peculiarly the definition of formative appraisal. Harlen, W. ( 2004 ) Indicates that a instructors ‘ deficiency of apprehension of the cardinal differences between appraisal for acquisition and appraisal of larning can take to confusion within the category room, and hinder educational advancement of the pupil if appraisal is non used in the right manner. ( Harlen, W. ( 2004 ) . Appraisal of acquisition may be conducted by professionals who are external to the school, for illustration educational inspectors, who may be required to supply a snapshot of an educational constitution at a peculiar point in clip. However, they may non ever know or understand the school context and life in the necessary item in order to supply a balanced appraisal. As seen late with the debut of conference tabular arraies ( dcsf.gov.uk 2009 ) , there is a high hazard of the incorrect type of appraisal being used to rate instructors, pupils and educational installations as successes or failures. Short-run summational public presentation appraisals may neglect to take history of the scene in which pedagogues and scholars map, taking to a spiral of â€Å" Teach to prove † methods where the lives of pupils and everyone involved in their instruction, progressively revolve around trials. Teachers hence narrow their course of study to learn to the trial, and school decision makers and the general populace are going score-obsessed. Appraisal for Learning ( formative appraisal ) is concerned with roll uping grounds about larning that is used to accommodate instruction and program following educational stairss. Evidence about acquisition is important as it indicates if there has been a displacement, or non, in the procedure of larning for a given pupil. On the footing of such grounds, instructors can explicate targets/goals and are able to supply pupils with feedback about their acquisition ( Hattie and Timperly, 2007 ) , clearly bespeaking to pupils non merely what they need to larn, but besides giving them information on how best they can larn it, hence lending to pupils ‘ contemplation on their ain acquisition. Recent research on the topic of appraisal and acquisition ( Black and Wiliam, 1998 ; Black et al. , 2002 ) provides strong grounds that appraisal can be used to better academic degrees and criterions, in peculiar, formative appraisal where pupils have a common apprehension of the marks they are dr aw a bead oning to make and how to make them can be an effectual tool to better acquisition. Black and Wiliam ( 1998 ) , Boud, D ( 1995 ) to boot reported that significant betterments in overall public presentation, in peculiar with low-attainers, could be successfully achieved where self appraisal was used to promote larning within those pupils. ( It is normally agreed that appraisal is one of the most powerful educational tools for advancing effectual acquisition ) . Both are needed In a balanced appraisal system, both summational and formative appraisals are an built-in portion of any information assemblage procedure about any pupil. Therefore, if an pedagogue depends excessively much on one or the other, so it could be said that the world of pupil accomplishment in the schoolroom is inaccurate. You read "Assessment is the most powerful tool for learning" in category "Essay examples" Teachers find themselves transforming their instruction as on-going appraisal reveals how pupils approach undertakings, what helps them larn most efficaciously, and what schemes support their acquisition. The more instructors understand about what pupils know and how they think, the more capacity they have to reform their instruction, and the more chances they create for pupil success. In a reappraisal of research on appraisal and schoolroom acquisition, commissioned by the The Nuffield Foundation, Professors Paul Black and Dylan William carried out over 250 surveies associating appraisal and acquisition ( Black, P.J. and William, D1998 ) . the surveies showed that thoughts designed to heighten the manner appraisal is used by instructors in the schoolroom to promote acquisition, can well increase the pupil ‘s accomplishment. The survey besides found grounds that the addition was even more likely to be significant for low-achieving pupils. The research besides showed that bettering larning through assessment depends on cardinal factors such as: effectual feedback by the instructor to the pupils, active engagement of pupils in their ain acquisition, accommodation of learning manners to take history of the consequences of appraisal, and a acknowledgment by the instructor that assessment influences the self-esteem and motive of pupils. However, the research besid es identified several inhibiting factors: a inclination for instructors to measure measure and presentation of work instead than the quality of acquisition, excessively much focal point on marker and scaling, which tended to take down the self-pride of pupils, and instead than giving advice and counsel on betterment there was a strong focal point on comparing pupils which demotivated and demoralised the less successful pupils. In this instance it could be said that instructors ‘ feedback to pupils served societal and control intents instead than assisting the pupils to larn more efficaciously, possibly due to instructors non cognizing plenty about their pupils ‘ acquisition demands and motive. More by and large, on pupil motive, Harlen W. , A ; Deakin Crick R. ( 2002 ) carried out the most extended reappraisal of research in recent old ages on the consequence of summational proving. They found that those trials that were seen as â€Å" high bets † de-motivated many pupils. However, it has been argued that some pupils thrive in the face of nerve-racking challenges and in fact, external trials and scrutinies do motivate pupils to take what they are larning earnestly. Additionally, DFES 2007 tells us that the UK authorities has late suggested this, when suggesting debut of new trials. ( Roach, P. 1999 ) besides promotes the usage of summational equal appraisal, but to boot stresses the troubles faced by instructors in larning to release control of the appraisal procedure. The thought of turning over summational appraisal to pupils could be seen as debatable, but it has the potency for back uping deep acquisition within those pupils. The value of both ego and peer appr aisal is discussed in Brown and Glasner 1999, who province that pupils are required to larn by prosecuting in assessed undertakings. Assessment is non peripheral to the larning undertaking or a necessary immorality to be endured, It is cardinal to the whole acquisition procedure. Assessment, including contemplation on their ain work and that of their equals, is the larning itself. Assessment should supply an drift for pupil acquisition and to boot a accelerator for brooding instruction patterns. Teacher accomplishments Therefore, it is cardinal to the development of appropriate appraisal that there must be a direct nexus between what is being â€Å" taught † and what is being â€Å" learned. † Both instructor and pupil must be able to place this nexus. As described by Lorin, W. et.al 2001, the instructor needs to guarantee that the undertaking both in footings of the instructional procedure and the topic aims, is relevant and valid to guarantee that the larning experience of the pupil will ensue in the building of new cognition through a procedure that assembles personally identified content and accomplishments. Therefore, all farther appraisal may be reinforced by clear and concise categorization of larning results by the instructor to the pupil. Similar to pupils, instructors are besides scholars as they examine multiple measurings of pupil attitude and public presentation, every bit good as degrees of satisfaction. As modern instruction moves towards formative appraisal, and pupils are no longer being educated to execute rote undertakings focused on cognition and apprehension, there is a greater demand for instructors be supported as they get extra acquisition and learning accomplishments as Godheads and users of formative appraisal. Bullard, P. and Taylor B.O. ( 1994 ) suggest that all instructors who integrate appraisal into their instruction do so in order to place where their pupils are in their acquisition, and the stairss they need to take for betterment and advancement. However, historically instructors were frequently expected to be inactive Jesuss of course of study pre-packaged by a Government section and, or a distant text edition publication company. The turning motion towards instructors being shapers and users of assessment informations reflects the displacement from instructor as educational assembly line workers, to the facilitators of life-time scholar. Formative appraisal, for illustration, is assessment that is designed to back up larning. In recent old ages the importance of implementing appraisal in this signifier has come to the head, mostly because of Black and William ‘s ( 1998 ) often cited reappraisal of their research and evidentiary notes. Black and William ‘s grounds strongly supported the effectivity of formative appraisal and its publicity of larning. In acknowledgment of this fact, over a proportionally short period of clip their research has been recognized as the manner frontward by a assortment of educationists and non least by instructors themselves. This grass roots growing in acceptance by the instruction and educational sphere was bolstered by research-based rules designed to supply a principle for schoolroom pattern ( ARG, 2002 ; Gardner, 2006 ) . In â€Å" The Socrates Syndrome – Questions that should ne’er be Asked † Campbell ( 1995 ) suggests that true instruction is a â€Å" life-time of seamless experience, linking single episodes into an of all time spread outing web of significance, penetration and apprehension. † But Campbell besides acknowledges that inquiring the sorts of inquiries that make this true instruction possible is endangering. However, in the eyes of many of today ‘s educational professionals, an extraordinary assortment of classroom-targeted enterprises has been unleashed on schools over the past decennary and more, all with the same general purpose, that of the betterment of pupil acquisition. Appraisal by instructors, whether formative or summational, is one of these developments that is considered to offer important potency for bettering pupils ‘ acquisition ( Black and Wiliam, 1998 ; Harlen, 2007 ) . Darling Hammond, ( 1996 ) suggest that the focal point needs to be about assisting instructors use appraisal as portion of instruction and acquisition in ways that will raise pupils ‘ accomplishment. the usage of formative appraisal, Sadler, D.R. ( 1998 ) tells us that the most successful acquisition takes topographic point when pupils have ownership of their acquisition, understand the marks they are taking to accomplish, are motivated, and have the applicable accomplishments and tools in topographic point to assist them accomplish success. Therefore, non merely are these the most indispensable characteristics of effectual daily acquisition in any schoolroom, they are the basis of successful womb-to-tomb acquisition for all pupils. With this in head, it appears that the most of import message now facing the educational community is that appraisal, which is explicitly designed to advance acquisition, is the individual most powerful tool we have for both raising criterions and a uthorising womb-to-tomb scholars. The value that appraisal can hold in the procedure of acquisition every bit good as for rating work and entering accomplishment has been widely recognised ( TGAT 1998 ) . ( It is normally agreed that appraisal is one of the most powerful educational tools for advancing effectual acquisition ) . In decision Promoting kids ‘s acquisition is a chief purpose of schools and that appraisal lies at the bosom of that procedure. Additionally assessment should be seen as powerful tool for larning and non entirely a political solution to comprehend jobs over educational criterions and answerability. it can be said that appraisal is one of the most powerful educational tools for advancing effectual acquisition. It is an built-in portion in the instruction and larning procedure across all degrees of instruction. Therefore, due to assessment being one of the most important and of import parts in the hereafter of pupils, there can be perfectly no uncertainty that any assessment system now or in the hereafter will hold a major make up one’s minding factor in what pupils learn and the manner in which they carry out that larning. Hence appraisal will besides find the manner in which instruction professionals teach and what they teach. But as antecedently stated, appraisal is non merely about rating and transporting out scrutinies. It is besides about constructing a instruction relationship with pupils and the quality of the pupils larning and with that, to utilize that cognition and apprehension to heighten the pupils larning experience. Therefore it can be said that appraisal i s unambiguously one of the chief constituents of the instruction and acquisition procedure. It is hence of the most importance that all instructors are familiar non merely with the proficient facets of the different signifiers of appraisal presently in usage but besides with their advantages and restrictions in the current instruction sphere. How to cite Assessment is the most powerful tool for learning, Essay examples

Product Portfolio Essays - Patent Medicines, Pepsi, Coca-Cola, Cola

Product Portfolio Pepsi Cola Pepsi Cola beverage business was founded at turn of the century by Caleb Bradham a New Bern N.C druggist who formulated Pepsi Cola. Pepsi Cola Company now produces and markets nearly 200 refreshment beverages to retail, restaurants and food service customers in more then 190 countries and territories around the world and generates revenue of over 18 billion dollars. Although Pepsi holdings over the years have become diverse in such fields as the snack industry and restaurants industry this portfolio will discuss its core business and its highly successful business of beverages. The soft drink industry customer base is probably the widest and deepest base in a world that is flooded with some many categories. According to Beverage Digest the customer base for soft drinks is a whopping 95% of regular users in the United States. This represents a large field of potential customers for Pepsi Cola. Yet although Pepsi could just use the majority fallacy to market there product, Pepsi prefers to segment itself as the beverage choice of the ? New Generation?, Generation Next, or just as the ?Pepsi Generation?. These terms adopted in Pepsi's advertising campaigns are referring to the markets that marketers refer to as Generation X. The Generation X consumer is profiled to be between the ages of 18 to 29. They have high expectations in life and are very mobile and active. They adopt a lifestyle of living for today and not worrying about long term goals. Those Pepsi's main emphasis on this segment they also have a focus on the 12 to 18 year old market. Pepsi believes i f they can get this market to adopt their product then they could establish a loyal customer for life. Pepsi Cola is situated in an industry that is dominated by two competitors, Coca-Cola and of course themselves. Although Pepsi and Coke basically go after all consumers who purchase soft drink beverages Coca-Cola targets its products at the head of household. This is evident in many of the ad campaigns such as ?Always Coca - Cola? which refers to the traditional beverage heritige of its product. They also reinforce this in the name ?Coca-Cola Classic? which is inferring to the older consumer. This name reflects an image of value, reliabilty, and old time values. Pepsi Cola throughout its 100 years of existence has developed many strengths. One of the strengths that has developed Pepsi into such a large corporation is a strong franchise system. The strong franchise system was the backbone of success along with a great entraupeur spirit. Pepsi's franchise system and distributors is credited for bring Pepsi from a 7,968 gallons of soda sold in 1903 to nearly 5 billion gallons in the year of 1997. Pepsi also has the luxury to spend 225 million dollars in advertising a year. This enormous ad budget allows Pepsi to reinforce their products with reminder advertising and promotions. This large budget also allows Pepsi to introduce new products and very quickly make the consumer become aware of their new products. Pepsi also has had the good fortune of making very wise investments. Some of the best investments have been in their acquiring several large fast food restaurants. They have also made wise investments in snack food companies like Frito Lay, which at present time is the largest snack company in the world. Probably high on the list of strengths is Pepsi's beverage line up. Pepsi has four soft drinks in the top ten beverages in the world. These brands are Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Diet Pepsi, and Caffeine Free Diet Pepsi. Pepsi also has the #1 tea in the United States, Lipton Tea. Some other strong brands are All Sport, Slice, Tropicana, Starbucks, Aquafina and a license agreement with Ocean Spray juices. Pepsi Cola like any company has weaknesses. Ironically, the one strength that has been credited for most of its success in the past has now become a weakness for Pepsi. This former strength is the franchise system. The franchise system in Pepsi Corporate view has become a liability. Pepsi in today's market must be able to act as one instead of several separate units. The franchise system has become a hurdle to Pepsi because many of these franchises have

Free Essays on Japan Culture

Japan, which is located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the Asian Continent, is a nation composed of almost 7,000 islands, many are small. The four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Japan has the seventh largest population in the world. With approximately 125 million inhabitants, the only countries with a higher population are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. The population which is about half of the United States, lives on only 1/25 as much total land mass, this computes to being one of the highest population densities in the world. These conditions reflect in the Japanese cultural values and their desire for being a collective society. The Japanese style of conducting business differs greatly from the western model. It has grown out of the nation’s unique history cultured philosophy. The Japanese people are isolated in an island nation’s unique history, culture, and philosophy. The island nation is under constant bombardment by the harsh forces of nature, have traditionally placed a strong emphasis on working together as a group in order to survive. Their culture is deeply influenced by Confucianism, with its rigid rules governing conduct and its emphasis on trust, consensus, and hierarchy. These ancient roots have influenced every aspect of Japanese business; from the way formal meetings are conducted to the importance placed on after-hours socializing. It has shaped a business culture in which long-term, mutually beneficial relationships are of paramount importance. By understanding and adapting to this business culture, Western executives eager to do business in Japan will be able to be enlightene d to be more productive associations with their Japanese colleagues and will increase the probability of achieving the goals of their meetings there. It is important to understand the role of the female entertainer in Japanese culture. That is why the Geisha has a specific role. ... Free Essays on Japan Culture Free Essays on Japan Culture Japan, which is located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the Asian Continent, is a nation composed of almost 7,000 islands, many are small. The four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Japan has the seventh largest population in the world. With approximately 125 million inhabitants, the only countries with a higher population are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. The population which is about half of the United States, lives on only 1/25 as much total land mass, this computes to being one of the highest population densities in the world. These conditions reflect in the Japanese cultural values and their desire for being a collective society. The Japanese style of conducting business differs greatly from the western model. It has grown out of the nation’s unique history cultured philosophy. The Japanese people are isolated in an island nation’s unique history, culture, and philosophy. The island nation is under constant bombardment by the harsh forces of nature, have traditionally placed a strong emphasis on working together as a group in order to survive. Their culture is deeply influenced by Confucianism, with its rigid rules governing conduct and its emphasis on trust, consensus, and hierarchy. These ancient roots have influenced every aspect of Japanese business; from the way formal meetings are conducted to the importance placed on after-hours socializing. It has shaped a business culture in which long-term, mutually beneficial relationships are of paramount importance. By understanding and adapting to this business culture, Western executives eager to do business in Japan will be able to be enlightene d to be more productive associations with their Japanese colleagues and will increase the probability of achieving the goals of their meetings there. It is important to understand the role of the female entertainer in Japanese culture. That is why the Geisha has a specific role. ...

How to Become a Paraprofessional

How to Become a Paraprofessional When you think of a classroom, you may think of one teacher at the head of the class, working with a group of students. What you may not consider is that many classrooms have another adult there, helping students learn- a paraprofessional, or teaching assistant.What Does a Paraprofessional Educator Do?Paraprofessionals are an essential part of the education system- think of them as classroom all-stars. They may work closely with teachers on general classroom lessons or tasks, or work one-on-one with students who have special needs or disabilities. Paraprofessionals can be found in elementary schools, secondary schools, or daycare facilities. Their tasks may include:Assisting teachers with lessons or classroom activitiesAssisting teachers with paperworkHelping teachers with lesson planningPreparing classroom equipment or technologyWorking with students who need individualized attention in the classroomSupplementing classroom lessons with additional guidance or activitiesTutoring stude nts who need extra helpMonitoring student behavior both in the classroom and at school activitiesAssisting students who have special physical needs (lifting, feeding, moving)Processing homeworkTaking classroom attendanceParaprofessionals may also choose to specialize. For example, some paraprofessionals work in school libraries/media centers. Some are assigned to specific classrooms. Some work exclusively with special education students. Paraprofessionals can be found in all types of schools, plus childcare facilities as well.What Skills Do Paraprofessional Educators Have?Paraprofessional educators need many of the same skill sets that any teacher would need, given that they work directly with students in an educational setting. These are some of the most crucial skills you’d need to have as a paraprofessional:They Like KIdsThis may seem like a no-brainer, but if you don’t like kids, or have trouble relating to them, this would be a very challenging career path. Patien ce is a major asset for anyone working with students.Theyre Team PlayersParaprofessionals are part of a squad of teachers, administrators, and support staff who help educate students. Knowing how to work as part of a team to maintain students’ best interests is essential.Theyre Great CommunicatorsParaprofessionals may be called upon to teach new concepts to kids, or translate information so that a student can learn and understand. Paraprofessionals may also be in the position of having to interpret what a student is trying to say, so listening skills are key as well. Because paraprofessionals will need to communicate with students, teachers, administrators, and possibly parents/guardians, the ability to communicate clearly and articulately is a major part of the job.Theyre OrganizedIf you’ve ever been in a classroom, you may have noticed that good organization can be the difference between a calm learning environment and chaos that distracts everyone from the tasks at hand. As a paraprofessional, you should have a good sense of organization when it comes to recordkeeping and classroom behavior.Theyre Good TeachersParaprofessionals are often assistants and helpers, but they are also educators. As an educator, you should have the ability to teach information to students of varying abilities and learning styles.What Education Do Paraprofessionals Need?Paraprofessionals can usually get started in the field without a four-year college degree, but it helps to have completed some college courses or an Associate’s degree, particularly in Education.Each state and school district has its own rules for paraprofessional certification, so you should see what your state requires. However, many require that paraprofessionals complete an aptitude test (like ETS’s ParaPro exam) to certify that these educators meet a minimum standard.How Much Do Paraprofessionals Get Paid?According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, paraprofessionals earn a medi an salary of $25,410 per year. This can vary according to location, and paraprofessionals who are multilingual, or who specialize in areas like special needs or special education, can earn more as well.What’s the Outlook for Paraprofessionals?While education changes constantly, some parts of it never do- there will always be a need for qualified teaching professionals to assist in classrooms and work with students. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that the field will grow by about 6% by 2024- about the average for all occupations.Becoming a paraprofessional is a great option if you’re just figuring out whether you want to work in education in the long term, or if you know you want to be an educator but just aren’t ready to complete the education and certification required of teachers. Being an educator is one of the most challenging and rewarding paths you can choose, and if you think it just might be your calling, becoming a paraprofessional could b e your ideal first step.

Origin and the Possible Effects in Health and Disease Term Paper

Origin and the Possible Effects in Health and Disease - Term Paper Example As the paper stresses scientific research shows that some bacteria existing in maternal guts could also be transferred to the breast milk in the latter periods of pregnancy in mothers and during lactation. This is through a process characterized by gut monocytes. It is consequently important to consider that during the latter stages of pregnancy or in the course lactation period, the alteration of the maternal microbiota system could be very significant in an infant’s health. Mammary dysbacteriosis, a condition of microbial imbalance, could lead to inflammation of the breast, hence causing mastitis. Such a condition could prompt for unanticipated weaning.This research paper highlights that  a significant amount of bacterial phylotypes usually found on human skin have also been shown to exist in breast milk. These include Propionibacteria and certain phylotypes of Corynebacteria. Consequently, the probability that the composition of breast milk microbiota could also be a fact or for the interactions with the maternal skin. Studies, however, have shown a difference in the genotypic variations between isolated lactobacilli present in the skin to that in the breast milk. The discovery has therefore led to the assertions of the unlikeliness of the speculation. It has however been shown that there exists a possibility that through the endogenous pathway, bacteria could reach the mammary glands from the maternal gut.

Ballistics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ballistics - Research Paper Example o empirical evidence to back up this claim that criminal cases have been affected because the jurors are now more well-versed in Forensic Science through these television series—making it more difficult to get a guilty verdict as jurors require more forensic evidence—a study has been conducted on 1027 jurors that show that â€Å"46 % expected to see some kind of scientific evidence in every criminal case† (Barak, Kim and Shelton, 2006 as cited in Shelton, 2008, p. 5). Now, because gun-related crimes continue to rise since 2002, with 68% of murders in the United States in the year 2006 being committed with the use of a firearm, it can be said that much of the scientific evidence being expected by jurors relate to ballistics, which is a specialized area in the field of Forensics (National Institute of Justice, 2010, para. 2). In fact, the study on â€Å"the CSI Effect† found that â€Å"32 % expected to see ballistic/firearms laboratory evidence in every criminal case† (p. 5). This introduction into Forensic Science and Ballistics does not only highlight their key role in crime-solving, but also emphasizes the role of scientific evidence in serving justice. It can be said, then, that no matter how the television series may have exaggerated some aspects of crime scene investigation, like the time the evidence is processed, it cannot be refuted that the field of Forensics and Ballistics play crucial roles in the criminal justice systemâ €”CSI Effect or not. Having established the importance of Forensic Science and Ballistics, I will now outline what this paper will contain. In the course of my paper I will provide background and history of the field and I will then examine the many changes undergone by ballistics in the 20th century. Case studies will be examined to highlight the points that I will be making. I will then conclude with some thoughts as to where the field may go in the future. Forensic Science, most commonly known by its shortened name of Forensics, is

Lighvan Cheese: Physicochemical and Organoleptic Properties

Lighvan Cheese: Physicochemical and Organoleptic Properties Physicochemical and organoleptic properties of Lighvan cheese fortified with Protulaca Oleracea seed oil Majid Keyvani, Marzieh Bolandi Abstract Cheese has high nutritional value in human health although is naturally poor in essential fatty acids. Essential fatty acids revealed crucial roles in nutritional diet and have been suggested as disease prevention agent. Protulaca Oleracea (purslane) has considerable amounts of omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids as well as magnesium, potassium and vitamin C. The aim of this study is production and characterization of Lighvan cheese fortified with Protulaca Oleracea seed oil. Results indicated that increasing of Protulaca Oleracea seed oil caused significant increased omega 3, 6 and 9 concentration in cheese (p0.05). Lighvan cheese containing 2.5% Protulaca Oleracea (purslane) seed oil showed the highest sensory attributes. Key words: Omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids, Lighvan cheese, Protulaca Oleracea seed oil, Fortification Introduction Cheese is the dairy product which has been considered as important food as a point of nutritional value. Cheese has been produced by traditional procedures since past years ago in Iran. Lighvan cheese, the semi-hard cheese, is the most popular traditional cheese made from raw sheep’s milk in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Lighavan cheese is characterized by high taste acceptability and considerable amounts of proteins especially casein which is beneficial for indigestion disease [1] but it is naturally poor in essential fatty acids. A large body of scientific reports suggests that high essential fatty acids dietary intake associated with health and reductions in cardiovascular diseases. Protucala Oleracea is an herb, known as purslane, which has considerable amount of poly unsaturated fatty acids. Purslane has been considered as rich sources of antioxidants, Vitamin A,B,C and E, beta carotene and essential amino acids as well as minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron [5,8]. Fatty acid composition of purslane contains palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2 n6c) and ÃŽ ±-linoleic acid (C18:3 n3). ÃŽ ±-Linolenic acid is an ω3 fatty acid that is essential in the human diet as a precursor for the synthesis of longer chain fatty acids and the prostaglandin group of mammalian hormones. Oil seeds such as brassica, flax and soya are main sources of linoleic acid and particularly purslane seed contains considerable amounts of linoleic acids [10]. There are several reports in the literature corresponding to the health effects of omega 3 fatty acids on cholesterol reduction, arthritis treatment, mental depr ession therapy , burns healing and prevention of cancer cells growth[3]. Studies on omega 3 fortification of dairy products using fish oil have been found in the literature. However, the major problem with this kind of fortification is unacceptable sensory properties. The objectives of this study are i) to formulate of Lighvan cheese with purslane oil extract and ii) to study the effects of purslane fortification on characteristics of Lighvan cheese. Materials and Methods Materials Sheep milk was provided from Almalo village, Sahandabad county, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Composition of sheep milk was 7.1% fat, 5.7% protein and 18.2% [M1]total solids. Renin was purchased from Mitoy company, Japan and salt was purchased from Pars Kaveh company, Iran. Purslane seeds provided from Mashhad traditional market and oil was extracted by cold press method. Cheese preparation About 24 kilograms of sheep milk were hygienically filtered at 30  °C and then divided into four portions in steel containers. Purslane seed oil was mixed with sheep milk at three ratio of 1:5, 2:5 and 3:5 using Blender (MJ-176NR, National, Japan). Then rennet was added to sheep milk in order to curd formation after one hour. The curds were pressed in textile filter in order to separate whey. The curds were then cut longitudinally and transversally and pressed again to remove residue whey. The curds were moulded and placed in 15% salt brine after 3 hours. Finally, the moulded curds salted and stored in 11% salt brine at 8 ±2  °C for 3 months for ripening. Physicochemical analysis Physicochemical properties of cheese samples evaluated according to the national standards of cheese including number 1753 for total solids determination, number 2852 for pH and acidity determination, number 760 for fat determination and number 1811 for protein determination[M2]. Fatty acid composition Fatty acid composition of purslane oil and fortified cheese analyzed using gas chromatography[M3]. YL Model6100 GC equipped with flame ionization detector was used. Characterization of capillary column (TR-CN100) was with 0.2 micrometer internal diameter, 0.25 micrometer thin coating and 30 meter length at 80 to 200 ° C temperature. The GC was operated with helium carrier gas with 99.99% purity. Sensory properties The sensory quality of cheese sample was evaluated by a 15 member panelist group who were skilled with quality attributes of food products. Panelists scored for sensory characteristics including color, odor, texture, internal and external appearance using a five point hedonic scale (1; very bad to 5; excellent). Statistical analysis The means of treatments were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level using SPSS 16 software. Sensory results were analyzed using nonparametric Fridman test at 0.05 significant levels. All analysis was performed at three replications. Results and Discussion Effects of purslane seed oil on physicochemical properties: The results of physicochemical analysis were shown in Table 1. The results indicated that the efficiency of cheese making increased as purslane oil concentration increased. The efficiency of cheese making depends on milk type, fat content, total solid (milk density), milk temperature (temperature of inoculation), the amount of rennet, rennet coagulation capacity, removed whey content, molding pressure and salting. Table 1: Cheese making efficiency[M4] Cheese + 3.5% PO Cheese + 2.5% PO Cheese + 1.5% PO1 Control Treatments 39.33% 37.33% 36.83% 34.83% Efficiency 1: purslane oil There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between pH and acidity of samples due to purslane oil addition however, the significant reduction in pH and acidity after aging process was observed (p Table 2: pH and acidity of cheese samples Values are recorded as mean  ± standard deviation Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p The results of moisture, fat, salt and protein contents of cheese samples were shown in Table 3. The results revealed that the highest fat content related to cheese containing 3.5% purslane oil. The more purslane oil concentration caused significant more fat content (p0.05) [7]. Salt concentration in brine and consequent osmotic pressure caused penetration of salt into cheese and resulted in equilibrium which led to moisture loss during aging [2]. Results showed that moisture content of fortified cheese with purslane oil decreased before aging as purslane oil increased, however there is no significant difference between moisture content of cheese containing 1.5 and 2.5% purslane oil (p>0.05) . In fact, increasing of fat content resulted in more fat in dry matter and subsequent less moisture content which led to reduced lipolysis [7]. Previous studies revealed that moisture content didn’t substituted as much as reduced fat in low fat cheese [9]. Salt content of samples decreased as purslane oil increased which can explained by preventing role of purslane oil from penetration of salt into cheese structure. In fact, fat globules fasten capillary structure and extend penetration duration so cheese contained more fat content needs more time for salt diffusion into cheese [6]. Salt content of cheese increased during aging because of cheese curds storing in salt brine [2]. Protein content of cheese decreased significantly (p Table 3: Chemical properties of cheese samples Values are recorded as mean  ± standard deviation Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p Gas chromatography The results of gas chromatography were shown in Table 4. The considerable amounts of omega fatty acids especially omega-3 fatty acids in purslane oil was observed and the omega-6 to omega-3 ration calculated as 1.5 which is an ideal ratio. Table 3: GC results of purslane oil[M5] The results indicated that purslane oil addition caused significant increase in omega 3, 6 and 9 (p Table 5: Omega fatty acids of cheese samples Values are recorded as mean  ± standard deviation Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p Sensory properties Sensory assessment of cheese fortified with purslane oil is presented in Figure1. The panelists marked the lowest scores of flavor, aroma and appearance (color) for cheese containing 3.5% purslane oil and the cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil obtained the lowest total acceptability score. Porous structure is texture characteristic of Lighvan cheese. Different aroma is the other characteristic of Lighvan cheese which is related to sheep milk and microorganisms activity. It was expected that purslane oil covered the special aroma of Lighvan cheese because of distinct odor of purslane oil. The panelist distinguish particular aroma of purslane oil only at 3.5% concentration level. The individual flavor is another characteristic of Lighvan cheese which is correlated to sheep milk and bacteria activity. Purslane oil affected flavor of Lighvan cheese especially at 3.5% concentration level. The fortified cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil seemed darker than the other treatments. Figure 1: Sensory properties of cheese samples Conclusion This study exhibited the possibility of purslane oil as omega essential fatty acid source in traditional Lighvan cheese formulation without undesirable altering of physicochemical and organoleptic properties. Purslane seed oil could enrich omega-3, 6 and 9 fatty acids content of cheese considerably. Increasing of pursiline oil in formulation lead to increased omega fatty acid content although cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil didn’t obtain acceptable sensory characteristics and 2.5% purslane oil concentration showed better organoleptic properties. [M6] References Aminifar, M.Hamedi, M.Emamjomeh, Z.mehdinia,A. 2010. Microstructural , Compositional And Textural Properties During Ripening Of Lighvan Cheese, A Traditional Raw Sheep Cheese. Journal of Texture Studies 41 (2010) 579–593. Azcona, J.O.Garcia, P.T,Cossu, M.E.Iglesias, B.F.Picallo, A.Perez, C.Gallinger, C.I. Schang ,M.J.Cane,Z.E.t. 2008. Meat quality of Argentinean â€Å"Camperos† chicken enhanced in omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids.Meat Science, 79 :437–443 Brunner, J.R.1981. Cow milk proteins: Twenty five years of progress.J. Dairy Sci.64:1038-1050 De Lorgwril, M., Salen, P., Laporte, F. and Delriris, j. (2001). Alpha-linolenic acid in prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease. European Heart Journal Supplement 3(4):26-32 Gà ¶sta Bylund, M.Sc.1995. Dairy processing handbook. Tetra Pak. 8,320 Ghotbi, M. Soleymanian zade, S. sheikh zeyneddin, M. 2010. Identification of L. pentosus, L. paraplantarum and L. plantarum in Lighvan cheese, Research Journal of Food Science and Technology of Iran 6 (2): 145-148 Kavas, G. Oysun,G. Kinik, O.Vysal, H. 2004. Effects of some fat replacer on chemical, physical and sensory attributes of low-fat white pickled cheese. Food Chemistry, 88:381-388 Rubatzky, E. V. and Yamagughi, M. (1997). World Vegetables:Principles, Production and Nutritive Values. Chaman Hall, 834 pp. Rudan, MA.Barbano, DM.Yun, JJ. Kindstedt, PS.1999. Effect of fat content reduction on chemical composition, proteolysis, functionality, and yield of Mozzarella. J Dairy Sci, 82: 661-672 Salunkhe, D, K. and Kadam, S, S. (1998). Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology. Marcel Deker, INC. 727 PP. [M1]include detail of the method of milk analysis [M2]Include appropriate international standard with a reference [M3]Include detail of analysis and reference [M4]How making efficiency was determined [M5]All the oil transfer to the oil Calculate it [M6]Conflict of interest should be included Cubism Artists: Pablo Picasso and George Braque Cubism Artists: Pablo Picasso and George Braque In Paris around 1907, Pablo Picasso and George Braque broke away from centuries of traditional western art. The single viewpoint had been exhausted, it was cast aside. A new analytical system was put in its place. They revitalized the way they worked by re engaging with expressive energetic art from lost cultures (especially African art). This was refreshing as religion and superficial extravagance were not part of this movement. Paul Gauguin, the French impressionist, probably had a lot do with this. His work was heavily influenced by the native culture of Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands. By viewing a subject from many angles it created this cubist effect. Almost like the image itself were living and moving. Pre 20th century, most paintings had always been still and flat, granted many were incredibly life like but they were lacking in energy. Influential French art critique Louis Vauxcelles attributed the terms Fauvism (1905) and Cubism (1908).He described cubism as a geometric simplification of natural shapes and images. Upon seeing one of Braques paintings he said, M.Braque scorns form and reduces everything, sites, figures and Roman houses in geometric diagrams, to cubes U. Apollonio, Materializing Space, in Braque, P. 4. Cubists wanted to create pictures that went beyond geometry or perspective. The idea of relativity the notion of movement on a flat surface was introduced. Artist fused both their observations and memories into the one image. But in order to do this the Cubists examined the way that we see. Artists were free from the use of perspective and accuracy. Tonal range and lighting was no longer heavily relied on but the representation of natural and fake textures made a lot of cubist art works appear tactile even though the surface of the canvas remained flat. Unlike the abstract artists of the same period, the aim was not to create an image without a distinct form, but to create a completely new way to represent images figuratively and realistically. In the beginning there were many very simple images of subject matter being used e.g. someone silting alone in an empty room with a window and the glimpse of an industrial landscape outside. But, as more boundaries were crossed and the classical styles of representation seemed but a distant memory away, mixed media started to take form in many of the cubists paintings. The importance of connecting reality to their paintings opened up a completely different way in which to connect with art. And as a result this heavily influenced many other artists and their styles, today this style has made a huge impact within the art world and advertising and we see this on a day to day basis. Cà ©zannes later works and tribal African art greatly influenced Braque and Picasso. A lot of tribal art appeared to be very stiff but they had such iconic faces. They were misleadingly flat to look at head on but if you looked at them from the side they were both curved and angular. During the far more analytical period of cubism we see a change in how shape is exposed. We begin to find shapes within shapes of all different sizes, textures and colours. Take Picassos Les Demoiselles dAvignon 1907 (MoMa) generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This sarcastic representation of the female nude depicts a group of nudes in various poses. Some of the sharp disjointed angular faces look like tribal masks; this gives the nudes a feeling of masculinity rather than conventionally looking feminine. This reinvention of the nude is created without ordinary perspective but the picture does not look flat. On the contrary the angles, curves, lines and the sparing use of flesh tones thought the painting still allow you to see through all the shapes and into the picture itself. The several alternate angles on top of one another do confuse the eye somewhat. Picasso termed this as an indulgence of colour, using but a small range of colours, and only slight tonal shifts. Around 1912 people began to think that Braque and Picassos style was becoming predictable and all of their work was becoming too similar, so much so that more often than not, people couldnt tell their work apart from one another. They were becoming increasingly more abstract and the subject was lost to the eye. In an attempt to step back from the severe abstract paintings Picasso began to use more mixed media. He took images from the real world and pasted them in to his work. His painting Still Life with Chair Caning 1912 (Musà ©e Picasso, Paris) was the first example of this collage technique. A lot of Picassos paintings already embodied this effect of collage He used different types paint and medium instead of mixed media. Thus for himself and other artists the second phase of the Cubist style was born: Synthetic Cubism had begun and the analytical phase was over. The terms Analytic Cubism and Synthetic Cubism were popularized by Alfred H. Barr, Jr. (1902-1981) in his books on Cubism and Picasso. Alfred Barr was the first director of the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Synthetic Cubism embodied a lot of repetition and the overlaying and overlapping of shapes and colours creating a more geometrically simplified and flatter image. Synthetic cubism was very different from analytical, it was colourful and more direct, even though the work sometimes appeared more abstract. The geometric way of thinking had now been replaced by freehand, patterns, lines, textures, shading and colour, all used in a variety of different ways, were rather rhythmic as they danced around the canvas. Paper was used as an alternative to paint and real scores of music replaced hand drawn notation. Anything you could find from newspaper, advertisements and packaging to everyday products that we use were either directly pasted or painted onto canvas. This was considered the first form of Pop Art. Braque confesses when we did Cubism, we had no intention of Cubism, but to express what was in us. Even though Picasso and Braque are so alike what unites them is less important than what divides them. Who was to Blame for Wounded Knee? Who was to Blame for Wounded Knee? Who was to blame for Wounded Knee? On that terrible day, December 29, 1890, a little gun conflict sparked the saddest event in Indian history. The veterans of the 7th cavalry were blinded by excitement. Warriors, squaws, children, dogs or even friendly soldiers all went down alike before the flailing fire. An infant dropped onto the ground from its mother embrace as the gushing blood from her lung’s bullet wound splashed across its innocent face. Even after the commotion ended, the soldiers called out to survivors promising them safety. The moment a boy came out of his hideout, he was butchered by bullets from over ten men. 250 unarmed Indians were killed mercilessly. That day, there was no battle or honor, only a shameful massacre at the Wounded Knee. Those to blame for the massacre were The US government for their indifference as well as bias toward the cavalry’s action, the 7th cavalry for their cruelty and Colonel James W. Forsyth for his commands as well as placement of troops. To begin with, the US government and the 7th cavalry had no right to interfere with the Indian. There was a treaty protecting these Indians. Even though the government used the Ghost dance as a reason, the Ghost dance was less like a solid reason and more like an excuse to send troops into the reservation First, consider treaty of Fort Laramie. The Treaty of Fort Laramieor theSioux Treaty of 1868 was an agreement between the  United Statesand the  Miniconjou, Oglala, and  Brulà ©Ã‚  bands of  Lakota people signed on April 29, 1868 at  Fort Laramie  in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing the Lakota ownership of the  Black Hills, as well as hunting rights and further land in  South Dakota,  Montana, and  Wyoming. The  Powder River Countryor the reservation area as a whole was to be â€Å"closed to all whites†. Pine Ridge reservation was part of the treaty promised Indian land. The 7th cavalry intercepted  Spotted Elks band of  Miniconjou Lakota and Hunkpapa  Lakota near  Porcupine Butte  and forced them to move to Wounded Knee Creek. Both Porcupine Butte and Wounded knee creek were in Pine Ridge reservation. Hence, the 7th cavalry was violating the treaty statement that the land would be â€Å"closed to all whites† Consider the US government and the 7th Cavalry excuses that the Ghost dance could cause troubles and uprising. The Paiute prophet Wovoka simply used Ghost Dance as a dream in which the Indians could dwell in. They danced and experienced visions of loved ones returning, , of their ancestors and of the buffalo that once thrive but now no more in the plains, and of the disappearance of oppressive whites. The Ghost Shirts were believed by some to deflect the bullets of the whites, but most danced because they dreamt of renewal and an end to the reservation system. The Ghost Dance doubtlessly frightened many whites in the region, and created many rumors. However, there were no incidents of raiding outside the newly established reservation boundaries; The U.S. governments response by sending over half the entire U.S. Army to the reservations including the 7th cavalry was without doubt groundless and unjustified. Next, the 7th cavalry’s and Colonel James W. Forsyth’s intentions were clearly not peaceful. While there was conflict and tension during the event prelude to the massacre, the soldiers were well trained and prepared for necessary retaliation. However, evidence pointed out that they over-retaliated on purpose. The supporting evidences were that the 7th cavalry was scarred by Indian force before, the placement of Hotchkiss guns was for mass-murder and the battle was initiated in close range Consider the background of the 7th cavalry; in 1873 the 7th Cavalry moved its garrison post to  Fort Abraham Lincoln,  Dakota Territory. Lieutenant Colonel  George A. Custerwas killed at the  Battle of the Little Bighorn  on 25 June 1876 with 211 men of the 7th Cavalry. The Nebraska State Journal on December 10, 1890, under the headline The Redskins RetreatWar Cloud Grows Darker, claimed that the Seventh Cavalry was fairly itching for a fight. These are the same Indians who mercilessly shot down the gallant Custer and 300 of the Seventh Cavalry on that memorable day of June 25, 1876 and it is safe to say the Sioux will receive no quarter from this famous regiment should an opportunity occur to wreak out vengeance for the blood taken at the battle of the Little Big Horn. The 7th cavalry was obviously setting the scene for the battle. Troopers escorted the Lakota about five miles westward from the original open plain to harder to escape fromWounded Knee Creek where they made camp. Later that evening, Col.James W. Forsyth  and the rest of the  7th Cavalry  arrived, bringing the number of troopers at Wounded Knee to 500. In contrast, there were 350 Indians: 230 men and 120 women and children. The troopers surrounded Spotted Elks encampment and set up four rapid-fire Hotchkiss-designed  M1875 Mountain Guns. The guns were placed on higher spot in all directions to guarantee that no Indian would escape from Wounded Knee creek. After the battle initiated, it was fought at close range; fully half the Indian men were killed or wounded before they had a chance to get off any shots. Some of the Indians grabbed rifles they had been hiding and opened fire on the soldiers. With no cover, and with many of the Lakota unarmed, this phase of the fighting lasted a few minutes at most. While the Indian warriors and soldiers were shooting at close range, other soldiers used the Hotchkiss guns against Black Elk  (1863–1950); medicine man, Oglala Lakota: I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A peoples dream died there. It was a beautiful dreams the nations hope is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead.[25] Finally, the US government and Forsyth openly supported the inhumane action of 7th cavalry. James w. Forsyth praised the massacre as a success. The US government awarded the men of 7th cavalry with Medal of Honor and the promotion of James W. Forsyth. The Indian war came to an end. The massacre was also praised by public. Perhaps, many white people at that time were also to be blame for the massacre. Colonel Forsyth was oblivious to any problem. His report, written on New Years Eve, expressed his admiration for the gallant conduct of my command in an engagement with a band of Indians in desperate condition, and crazed by religious fanaticism. The secretary of war evidently agreed with Forsyth, and Forsyth was reinstated, later rising to the rank of major general. U.S. approval of the action was further emphasized by awards of the Medal of Honor to three officers and fifteen enlisted men for their heroism at the Battle of Wounded Knee Creek. The American publics reaction to the battle at the time was generally favorable. Many non-Lakota living near the reservations interpreted the battle as the defeat of a murderous  cult; others confused  Ghost Dancers  with Native Americans in general. In an editorial response to the event, the young newspaper editor  L. Frank Baum, later the author of  The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, wrote in theAberdeen Saturday Pioneeron January 3, 1891: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In this lies future safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past.[32] Soon after the event,  Dewey Beard, his brother  Joseph Horn Cloud  and others formed the  Wounded Knee Survivors Association, which came to include descendants. They sought compensation from the U.S. government for the many fatalities and injured. Today the association is independent and works to preserve and protect the historic site from exploitation, and to administer any memorial erected there. Papers of the association (1890–1973) and related materials are held by the University of South Dakota and are available for research.[33]  It was not until the 1990s that a memorial to the Lakota was included in the  National Historic Landmark. In conclusion, the â€Å"massacre† at Wounded Knee creek was to be blame on the US government, the 7th Cavalry and James W. Forsyth. The US government broke the treaty using the Ghost Dance as an excuse and awarded these murderers openly. James W. Forsyth and the 7th Cavalry also deliberately planned and executed the massacre. Draw correlation between Wounded knee and the holocaust + other holocaust. People will do everything in their power to destroy minority. US land of freedom and diversity also have stigma of mistreating and massacre of the minority, Indians until today. The Problem of tyranny of majority occur in all level Country global personal the conflict of majority is in us. Will we let the voice of others or majority kill the minority like the Elkwood we be bland and One dimensional enjoy the diversity and color of lives.

Todays World

The Income Break The income inequality is just the difference in the salaries of the different class of people and/or jobs. In The Rise of the Creative Class, Richard Florida takes a look at wages all across the U. S in order to compare and contrast wages. He does a breakdown of the 3 classes that he talks about earlier in the book and from there compare the wages. In one chart that is displayed he shows that Connecticut has the highest income but then he has another graph that shows otherwise. I don’t believe this could be halted because people of different jobs feel as if they deserve different levels of pay, which I do agree to.In recent research I found that many people fall outside of the Creative Class because of their education levels or because of the performance they are willing to do at a job. So the people who are at a disadvantage are the working poor because they are mainly in a field where they have to do labor. Because our society is at a state of changing each and every day, I believe it is rather hard to stay in this field of creativity, unless you are willing to change careers or add on to your challenges in the work field.Economists are researching the things that are changing in our world and the biggest thing is technology. Because technology is changing at a constant rate, it makes it hard for someone who is not able to be in the Creative Class. New things are evolving everyday and some jobs are not going to be needed in the future. Men and women could work the same job, but the man may get a better pay because of his gender. This brings me to the Five Faces of Oppression where they talk about the division in gender and how men get treated better than women.Women are dominant in the work field for minorities today. But compared to men who are working the pay is still very low. In previous chapters of The Rise of the Creative Class Florida shows a graph that show the pay of a woman compared to one of a man. Also the graph showed pay of minority compared to the majority. The differences amazed me only because I thought as a society we were getting equal and fair, but the graph and other research showed otherwise.

Formal Charge Definition in Chemistry

Formal charge of FC is the difference between the number of valence electrons of each atom and the number of electrons the atom is associated with. Formal charge assumes any shared electrons are equally shared between the two bonded atoms.Formal charge is calculated using the equation:FC eV - eN - eB/2 whereeV number of valence electrons of the atom as if it were isolated from the moleculeeN number of unbound valence electrons on the atom in the moleculeeB number of electrons shared by the bonds to other atoms in the molecule Formal Charge Example Calculation For example, carbon dioxide or CO2 is a neutral molecule that has 16 valence electrons. There are three different ways to draw the Lewis structure for the molecule to determine formal charge: The carbon atom may be joined to both oxygen atom via double bonds (carbon 0, oxygen 0, formal charge 0)The carbon atom may have a single bond with one oxygen atom and a double bond to the other oxygen atom (carbon 1, oxygen-double 0, oxygen-single -1, formal charge 0)The carbon atom may be joined to each oxygen atom via single bonds (carbon 2, oxygens -1 each, formal charge 0) Each possibility results in a formal charge of zero, but the first choice is the best one because it predicts no charge in the molecule. This is more stable and thus is most likely. See how to calculate formal charge with another  example problem. Formal Charge Key Takeaways Formal charge (FC) is the electric charge of an atom in a molecule.It is calculated as the number of valence electrons minus half the number of electrons shared in a bond minus the number of electrons not bound in the molecule.Formal charge is used to estimate the way electric charge is distributed in a molecule.